第31课：虚词 it的用法（一）

一.本课要点及示例

   在这一课里, 我们学习虚词 it, i-t, it 的用法, 比方: "买房子不容易" It  isn't  easy to buy a house. "买房屋保险是必需的" It's necessary to buy house insurance等等. 另外我们要学习许多有关买卖房屋的词汇.

   现在我们来听今天这一课的对话,     内容是说亨利跟凯特谈起了邻居卖房子的事情. 请你注意听两位英文老师的发音和语调.

   F:  Henry, the Fishers finally sold their house.
   M: Well, it's good to hear that.
   F:  It hasn't been easy to sell a house these days. I was worried.
   M: So was I. And the Fishers were so anxious to move. Did they get their price?
   F:  They got five thousand dollars less than they were asking for the house.
   M: It isn't bad. It's expected to get less than what is asked.

   下面我请英文老师把整段对话再用慢速度念一遍, 请你注意听.

   F:  Henry, the Fishers finally sold their house.
   M: Well, it's good to hear that.
   F:  It hasn't been easy to sell a house these days. I was worried.
   M: So was I. And the Fishers were so anxious to move. Did they get their price?
   F:  They got five thousand dollars less than they were asking for the house.
   M: It isn't bad. It's expected to get less than what is asked.

   现在老师把包含了it 的句子用慢速度再念一遍给你听.

   M: It's good to hear that.
   F:  It hasn't been easy to sell a house these days.
   M: It's expected to get less than what is asked.

二.IT

   听了上面几个句子, 我想你已经注意到 it 的用法. 比方 "拥有一幢房子很困难"It's difficult to own a house. 在这个句子里 it 指的就是 to own a house.现在我们作一组练习, 学学这种用法.    练习里的句子都是跟买房子,  租公寓有关系的. 练习的作法是老师念一个句子,接着老师给你一个动词词组, 比方 "买公寓" to purchase a condominium, 老师也可能给你一个形容词,    比方  "经济实惠" economical, 请你把听到的代换到句子里.

   M: It's difficult to own a house.
   M: purchase a home
   F:  It's difficult to purchase a home.
   M: costly
   F:  It's costly to purchase a home.
   M: purchase a condominium
   F:  It's costly to purchase a condominium.
   M: practical
   F:  It's practical to purchase a condominium.
   M: economical
   F:  It's economical to purchase a condominium.
   M: rent an apartment
   F:  It's economical to rent an apartment.
   M: common
   F:  It's common to rent an apartment.

   我希望刚才那组练习你都作对了. 下面我们再作一组练习, 用刚才那种句子构造学学买房子或是租房子应该注意的事情, 比方 "选择合适的地点"    select the right  location,  "有好邻居"  have  good    neighbors,  "有个讲理的房东"    have a reasonable landlord 等等.  练习的作法是老师提出一个问题,  请你作肯定的答覆. 每作完一句还是请你听老师念正确答案.

   M: Is it important to select the right location?
   F:  Yes, it is important to select the right location.
   M: Is it important to live in a good neighborhood?
   F:  Yes, it is important to live in a good neighborhood.
   M: Is it important to have good neighbors?
   F:  Yes, it is important to have good neighbors.
   M: Is it important to have a reasonable landlord?
   F:  Yes, it is important to have a reasonable landlord.

   下面一组练习谈到买房子必须作的事情, 比方 "借钱" get a loan,  "贷款"   get a mortgage, "查利率" check the interest rate. "按期付款" make  regular  payments,"买房屋保险" buy house insurance, "付清贷款" pay off the mortgage 等等. 练习的作法是老师念一个句子, 接着老师念一个词组. 请你把你听到的代换到原来的句子里, 每作完一句就请你听老师念正确答案.

   M: It is necessary to pay for the house.
   M: get a loan
   F:  It is necessary to get a loan.
   M: get a mortgage
   F:  It is necessary to get a mortgage
   M: check the interest rate
   F:  It is necessary to check the interest rate.
   M: repay the bank
   F:  It is necessary to repay the bank.
   M: make regular payments
   F:  It is necessary to make regular payments.
   M: buy house insurance
   F:  It is necessary to buy house insurance.
   M: pay off the mortgage
   F:  It is necessary to pay off the mortgage.

   在下面一组练习里, 我们把两种意思相同但是句型不同的句子作个比较. 比方我们刚才练习过的一个句子: It  is  necessary to pay for the house.  这句话也可以这样说: Paying for the house is necessary. 现在我们开始作练习, 由老师用it 作一个句子, 比方 It is necessary to get a loan.请你把句子改成Getting a loan is necessary. 每作完一句, 就请你听老师念正确答案.

   M: It is necessary to pay for the house.
   F:  Paying for the house is necessary.
   M: It is necessary to get a loan.
   F:  Getting a loan is necessary.
   M: It is necessary to get a mortgage.
   F:  Getting a mortgage is necessary.
   M: It is necessary to check the interest rate.
   F:  Checking the interest rate is necessary.
   M: It is necessary to repay the bank.
   F:  Repaying the bank is necessary.
   M: It is necessary to make regular payments.
   F:  Making regular payments is necessary.
   M: It is necessary to buy house insurance.
   F:  Buying house insurance is necessary.

   在刚才的几组练习里我们学到了在美国买房子必须作的事情. 现在我们还是用  it  作句子, 学学在郊区买房子有什么好处和坏处.     练习的作法是老师提出一个问句, 比方 "住在郊区比较安全吗?" Is it    safer to live in the suburbs? 接着老师提出一个形容词,  比方  "麻烦" troublesome, 你就用这个形容词的比较级把问句改成 Is it more troublesome to live in the suburbs? 好,  现在我们开始作练习, 每作完一句, 老师就把正确答案念给你听.

   M: Is it safer to live in the suburbs?
   M: quiet
   F:  Is it quieter to live in the suburbs?
   M: economical
   F:  Is it more economical to live in the suburbs?
   M: interesting
   F:  Is it more interesting to live in the suburbs?
   M: comfortable
   F:  Is it more comfortable to live in the suburbs?
   M: expensive
   F:  Is it more expensive to live in the suburbs?
   M: troublesome
   F:  Is it more troublesome to live in the suburbs?
   M: dangerous
   F:  Is it more dangerous to live in the suburbs?
   M: convenient
   F:  Is it more convenient to live in the suburbs?

   下面一组练习是说到住在城里的好处和坏处; 比方老师问学生 "住在城里比较不舒服吗?"   Is it less comfortable living in the city?    接着老师念出一个形容词,学生就把形容词代换到原来的句子里,    请你在学生作练习的时候也一起作.

   M: Is it less economical living in the city?
   M: interesting
   F:  Is it less interesting living in the city?
   M: comfortable
   F:  Is it less comfortable living in the city?
   M: expensive
   F:  Is it less expensive living in the city?
   M: troublesome
   F:  Is it less troublesome living in the city?
   M: dangerous
   F:  Is it less dangerous living in the city?
   M: convenient
   F:  Is it less convenient living in the city?

   下面一组练习是由老师用疑问词 what 问你一个问题, 比方: What has become necessary?  接着老师念一个词组,  比方:  "有收入" having an income.  请你用这个词组来回答问题,所以答案就是:Having an income has become necessary.然后你再用 it 把句子改成 It has become necessary to have an income. 每作完一个句子就请你听老师念正确答案.

   M: What has become difficult?
   M: purchasing a home
   F:  Purchasing a home has become difficult.
   F:  It has become difficult to purchase a home.
   M: What has become costly?
   M: buying a condominium
   F:  Buying a condominium has become costly.
   F:  It has become costly to buy a condominium.
   M: What has become expensive?
   M: renting an apartment
   F:  Renting an apartment has become expensive.
   F:  It has become expensive to rent an apartment.
   M: What has become common?
   M: paying high interest rate
   F:  Paying high interest rate has become common.
   F:  It has become common to pay high interest rate.
   M: What has become important?
   M: getting a mortgage
   F:  Getting a mortgage has become important.
   F:  It has become important to get a mortgage.

三.听短文回答问题

   今天我们要听的文章是谈到美国人的住房问题. 文章里不但说到美国人民怎么样贷款买房子, 还谈到租房子或是租公寓有什么好处.

   请你注意听, 等一会儿我们要根据文章问你几个问题.

   In  the  U.S. today,  the cost of   housing  is   very high. It is common to pay one  fourth to one third of a family's income on a place to live. The price of a house depends on  its size and location.   Big houses are more expensive than smaller ones.  And  houses  closer  to the center of big cities are more expensive than ones in the suburbs or in small towns. Regardless  of  the cost,  it  is usual  for people    to buy  their houses over a  period of  time. When a  family  buys  a  house, it  is necessary to  borrow  money from a bank to pay for it. Then  they  repay  the  bank  in  regular  payments. This  kind  of  bank   loan   is  called  a mortgage.   Families  can  take  30  years  to  pay-off  the  mortgage. Without a mortgage it would be impossible for most people to own their houses. Many  Americans  don't  own  their  own  homes. They pay  landlords to live in their homes. The money they pay for this is called rent. Usually, it is cheaper to rent than it is to buy and to pay a mortgage.  Also, when something needs to be repaired, it is easy for the  renter to ask the landlord to fix it. Some  people  rent  houses, but  most  renters live in apartments.  Apartment buildings are located in cities where it is too costly to build houses. Recently it has become common for renters  to  buy  their  apartments.   When    this  happens,   the  cost  usually increases but the   money  goes  to  pay  off   the    mortgage.  Apartments  bought this way  are  called condominiums.

   刚才那篇文章如果你没有全部听懂, 没有关系, 等一会儿老师会再念一遍给你听. 现在我们先来听老师把今天测验的问题念一遍.

   第一个问题是:
   M: How much do most Americans pay for a place to live?
   第二个问题是:
   M: How do most Americans pay for a house?
   第三个问题是:
   M: What are some of the advantages of renting an apartment?

   现在我请英文老师用慢速度再把整篇文章念一遍.

   In  the  U.S. today,  the cost of   housing  is   very high. It is common to pay one  fourth to one third of a family's income on a place to live. The price of a house depends on  its size and location.   Big houses are more expensive than smaller ones.  And  houses  closer  to the center of big cities are more expensive than ones in the suburbs or in small towns. Regardless  of  the cost,  it  is usual  for people    to buy  their houses over a  period of  time. When a  family  buys  a  house, it  is necessary to  borrow  money from a bank to pay for it. Then  they  repay  the  bank  in  regular  payments. This  kind  of  bank   loan   is  called  a mortgage.   Families  can  take  30  years  to  pay-off  the  mortgage. Without a mortgage it would be impossible for most people to own their houses. Many  Americans  don't  own  their  own  homes. They pay  landlords to live in their homes. The money they pay for this is called rent. Usually, it is cheaper to rent than it is to buy and to pay a mortgage.  Also, when something needs to be repaired, it is easy for the  renter to ask the landlord to fix it. Some  people  rent  houses, but  most  renters live in apartments.  Apartment buildings are located in cities where it is too costly to build houses. Recently it has become common for renters  to  buy  their  apartments.   When    this  happens,   the  cost  usually increases but the   money  goes  to  pay  off   the    mortgage.  Apartments  bought this way  are  called condominiums.  

   现在请你回答下面三个问题.

   第一个问题是:
   M: How much do most Americans pay for a place to live?
   F:  Most Americans pay one fourth to one third of their income for a place to live.

   第二个问题是:
   M: How do most Americans pay for a house?
   F:  They get a mortgage.

   第三个问题是:
   M: What are some of the advantages of renting an apartment?
   F:  It is cheaper and easier to get repairs.