阅读理解最后冲刺

一、阅读冲刺材料选用

以往年真题为主，做过的题目，按照后面的真伪选项的特征检查自己做错的原因。总结自己经常出现错误的地方（如常识干扰问题、偷梁换柱问题最容易犯错）

二、阅读冲刺要点一览

1．六级阅读选材：

冲刺阶段要特别关注科普类文章，其比重近几年有所提高，但都为常见学科，如交通、生物、医疗等。

2．再谈文体特点：为什么？因为这个是解决阅读问题思路的最根本出发点！

从历次考试来看，六级阅读文章绝大多数为说明文和议论文。

说明文通常为对某事物的特点、功能作用、发展等分别进行说明，根本目的在于让读者了解这些信息，重视信息的客观陈述。说明文考查细节题最多，难度相对较低。

议论文通常对某个问题进行剖析，或支持，或批驳，其根本目的在于说服读者接受自己的观点。文章的总体结构通常为：提出问题，分析问题，提出解决方案/建议。议论文会考查到推理、结论题和主旨态度类题，难度相对较大。

两类文章在各段落的行文模式很相似。比较典型的段落是"主题句＋支持细节"，也就是说都以"总--分"的模式来拓展段落的。掌握这个规律有助于迅速把握作者的整体思路。

文体特色决定了我们可以分清信息的主次，帮助我们根据问题信息去原文迅速定位相关句，指导我们判断根据定位句子，沿着什么路线去找答案。

3. 几个认识上的问题

   1. 最难的题目每次不会超过4个。其余的按现有语言知识/理解能力完全应付的来。

   2. 六级阅读细节题仍然最多，难度最小，必须保证准确率。

   3. 速度的提高：平时的训练的时候按照推荐的解题方法就可以实现。如通读重点句，减少视觉干扰，利用数字专有名词定位，直接排除干扰选项等等。

 4. 解题步骤和各题型解题思路

确定文章的顺序后，每一篇文章的解题步骤可以概括为：通读文章，看问题，按照题目类型看题、做题，不能简单按序号从头做到尾。

完整的步骤概括如下：

第一步：通读文章。先看一下带有汉语注释的单词。因为问题中有时会出现此类单词。

第二步：浏览问题，决定做题顺序。

第三步：读、做细节类题，顺序为：细节题、单词、单句题、多项细节题。

第四步：读、做推理类题：推论、结论题。

第五步：读、做主旨类题：主旨题、态度语气题。

这样的步骤是根据信息的复杂程度和问题的难度安排的。第三步里的细节类题型牵扯到的信息比较单一，属于局部问题，往往原文一句话就解决，难度最低。第四步推理类题经常需要结合前面提到的其它细节进行逻辑判断。第五步主旨类题目既需要通读所得到的大致路线，又需要做细节题时获得的信息来充实、具体化该路线。

三、真伪选项特征大盘点

该部分旨在使大家对各种选项的认识更清晰，全面提高抗干扰能力，提高辨别假冒伪劣的能力，提高选择的成活率。该部分要重点掌握基本思路。

关于正确选项，这里要强调的点是：

所有题型的正确选项的根本特征是要符合原文的主旨。

(一)、正确选项特征

1．细节类题目

正确选项一般为直接答案，此类答案可以在文章中直接找到相关的事实细节支持。常用方法就是同义替换或释义（如词汇题），即把文中语言（词汇和结构）改头换面，来表达相同的意思。常见表现形式有下列几种：

（1）正确选项在文字表述上和原文相关句相似度很高。

（2）正确选项和原文相关句的句式基本一致，关键信息换用原文的同义词语。此类方法使用较多。（但干扰选项也会使用替换法，辨别选项时必须牢记内容一致！）

（3）正确选项使用原文的反义词语，通过不同的结构表达相同的意思。

（4）正确选项使用与原文相反的句式结构，但表达的语义相同。

特别提示：

细节题中，如果选项是从原文一字不差抄来的，不管看上去多么有道理，都要排除。而正确答案都会在原文基础上进行改造。只要是正确选项，其各个部分在原文都有直接、间接的事实细节支持。

2．推理类题目

    正确选项特征比较统一，除符合文章主旨外，还是从原文细节出发推导出来的，符合逻辑，恰到好处，符合客观事实。

  3．主旨类题目

（1）主旨题正确选项概括归纳的范围大小恰到好处。(如同选择鞋子一样)

（2）语气态度题正确选项表达的尺度恰当 (如不能多愁善感、不能偏激)。

(二)、炼就一双火眼金睛，明察秋毫，提高抗干扰能力

干扰选项常见特征

    顾名思义，干扰项的目的就是扰乱考生思维，将思路引入歧途。细节题中的干扰项较容易排除，只要发现选项有一处缺乏原文事实的支持就可以排除。推理类题目和主旨类题目的干扰项迷惑性更强一些。

一些选项可以根据主题直接排除，如说法绝对的，违反客观事实/常识的。

逻辑思路要清晰！逻辑判断小练习

If Sarah were a concert pianist for a major orchestra, she would be famous. She is not a concert pianist since she is not famous.

The conclusion above is unsound because the author does not consider that

(A) Sarah could be a famous actress.

(B) Sarah could be a violinist for a major orchestra.

(C) Sarah could be a pianist with a rock group.

(D) Sarah could be a concert pianist with a minor orchestra.

逻辑指代、范围、特征等等都可能被用来做文章。要特别小心对待。

1．细节类题目

（1）无中生有：凭空捏造原文不存在的细节，以迷惑和干扰考生，制造的假象让考生怀疑自己是否漏读了原文的相关信息。破解方法仍然是准确定位。有的是故意偏离主旨（通过通读的句子概括出的大意就可以排除）

（2）常识错位：干扰项是一些基本常识和我们对社会、生活等方面一些问题的一般看法和认识，虽然符合客观现实，但并非文章所提及的或侧重的。

此类干扰项很容易导致粗心错误，因为选项的说法符合我们的一般认识，使得干扰项先入为主，误导了判断，忽略了要从原文验证。

！！！谨防喧宾夺主，越俎代庖！！！

症状将一些常识带入思考，放松、甚至忘记了一切答案要以原文为依据。

特别提示：留意不需看原文就能自圆其说的选项，这些选项通常为高度疑似错误答案，需要提高警惕。

(3) 偷梁换柱：

这是细节题干扰项最常见的方法，是大多数同学由于粗心失分的地方。干扰项利用了原文的一部分结构和词汇，但在一些位置换掉个别词，造成了语义的变化。

特别提示：要留意选项各个句子成分是否与原文表述的意义一致。地点，时间，方式，程度 (副词)，性质 (如形容词)，甚至是主语和谓语都可能被偷换掉。

根本解决方法是细心求证选中的答案是否经得起原文的考验。这就要求我们在核对选项时需要把所有意群跟原文相应意群逐一进行对比，只要有偷换意群的，就是错误选项。

用数学方法来描述就是正负得负。

细节题不要跟着感觉走！

不能只凭一个单词的印象就选择答案！

必须去原文核实选项的每一个成分！

Example 1：

Richard Satava, program manager for advanced medical technologies, has been a driving force in bringing virtual reality to medicine, where computers create a "virtual" or simulated environment for surgeons and other medical practitioners (从业者).

　　"With virtual reality we'll be able to put a surgeon in every trench," said Satava. He envisaged a time when soldiers who are wounded fighting overseas are put in mobile surgical units equipped with computers.

　　The computers would transmit images of the soldiers to surgeons back in the U.S. The surgeons would look at the soldier through virtual reality helmets (头盔) that contain a small screen displaying the image of the wound. The doctors would guide robotic instruments in the battlefield mobile surgical unit that operate on the soldier.

　　Although Satava's vision may be years away from standard operating procedure, scientists are progressing toward virtual reality surgery. ......

　37. Richard Satava has visions of_____.

　　A) using a remote-control technique to treat wounded soldiers fighting overseas

　　B) wounded soldiers being saved by doctors wearing virtual reality helmets on the battlefield  【细节陷阱: 方式、地点】

　　C) wounded soldiers being operated on by specially trained surgeons

D) setting up mobile surgical units overseas

提示：根据问题信息，判断原文相关信息的位置。要善于利用各种举例、指代关系。

Example 2:

Such acceptance of community responsibility is not unique to businesses in Japan. School principals in Japan have resigned when heir students committed major crimes after school hours. Even if they do not quit, Japanese executives will often accept primary responsibility in other ways, such as taking the first pay cut when a company gets into financial trouble. Such personal sacrifices, even if they are largely symbolic, help to create the sense of community and employee loyalty that is crucial to the Japanese way of doing business.

22. According to the passage if you want to be a good manager in Japan, you have to ________.

A) apologize promptly for your subordinates' mistakes

B) be skillful in accepting blames from customers

C) make symbolic sacrifices whenever necessary

D) create a strong sense of company loyalty

启示：切勿断章取义！抓住原文关键、挖掘要准确！解析原文要准确，选项里每一个意群都要对照原文，核对是否有出入。

（4）推理题和细节题里的推理类选项

夸大后果：对于原文中的细节或论断的某方面程度（比如后果）进行了夸大处理。

如：某文章可能提到Anxietyàmental stress的因果关系，但干扰项可能出现Anxiousàmental disorder。

2．主旨类题目：

主旨归纳题

（1）以偏概全：在概括文章或段落大意时，用某一个段落的观点或细节冒充全文主要观点、中心思想的选项。也就是归纳概括的范围不足。

（2）主题扩大：归纳概括的范围过大，超过了文章讨论东西，与主旨大意是包含关系。

  3.态度语气题：

干扰选项通常说法片面或偏激。六级阅读所选文章通常是理性的说明和论证，具有较强逻辑性，作者对于所讨论专题的态度不会是极其偏激的。如目前只作为干扰项出现过的有arbitrary（武断的），subjective（主观的），prejudiced（有偏见的）, indifferent等。而成为正确选项的最安全选项是concerned。这类题目抓住基本特征，是属于必得的分数。

四、基本技能再回顾及应用 （以上各种干扰项的特征需牢记在心）

要求：

1。一定要控制自己不看原文直接选择答案的冲动！

2。写出每一个题目里面的错误类型，。

下面的各篇文章题目对我们以上讲过的干扰选项的所有情形包含在内了。要小心应付。

Passage I.

In the villages of the English countryside there are still people who remember the good old days when no one bothered to lock their doors. There simply wasn't any crime to worry about.

Amazingly, these happy times appear still to be with us in the world's biggest community. A new study by Dan Farmer, a gifted programmer, using an automated investigative program of his own called SATAN, shows that the owners of well over half of all World Wide Web sites have set up homes without fitting locks to their doors.

SATAN can try out a variety of well-known hacking (黑客的) tricks on an Internet site with-out actually breaking in. Farmer has made the program publicly available, amid much criticism. A person with evil intent could use it to hunt down sites that are easy to burgle (闯入......行窃).

But Farmer is very concerned about the need to alert the public to poor security and, so far, events have proved him right. SATAN has done more to alert people to the risks than cause new disorder.

So is the Net becoming more secure? Far from it. In the early days, when you visited a Web site your browser simply looked at the content. Now the Web is full of tiny programs that automatically download when you look at a Web page, and run on your own machine. These programs could, if their authors wished, do all kinds of nasty things to your computer.

At the same time, the Net is increasingly populated with spiders, worms, agents and other types of automated beasts designed to penetrate the sites and seek out and classify information. All these make wonderful tools for antisocial people who want to invade weak sites and cause damage.

But let's look on the bright side. Given the lack of locks, the Internet is surely the world's biggest (almost) crime-free society. Maybe that is because hackers are fundamentally honest. Or that there currently isn't much to steal. Or because vandalism ( 恶意破坏) isn't much fun unless you have a peculiar dislike for someone.

Whatever the reason, let's enjoy it while we can. But expect it all to change, and security to become the number one issue, when the most influential inhabitants of the Net are selling services they want to be paid for.

21. By saying "... owners of well over half of all World Wide Web sites have set up home without fitting locks to their doors" (Lines 3-4, Para. 2), the author means that _____.

A) those happy times appear still to be with us 干扰伎俩: 答非所问+偷换范围

B) there simply wasn't any crime to worry about 照抄原句 直接排除

C) many sites are not well-protected

D) hackers try out tricks on an Internet site without actually breaking in 偏离定位句子，偷梁换柱。

破解思路：答案推理需结合已通读部分（第一、二段首句）和文章主线（网络安全）。

对比喻的理解，找出本体和寓体，然后对照寓体的性质判断本体的性质。千万不能直接选择字面意思！

22. SATAN, a program designed by Dan Farmer can be used ____________.

A) to investigate the security of Internet sites

B) to improve the security of the Internet system

C) to prevent hackers from breaking into websites

D) to download useful programs and information

对原文内容进行两次定位，答案是对两处信息的概括 investigative和... try out...

23. Farmer's program has been criticized by the public because       .

A) it causes damage to Net browsers

B) it can break into Internet sites

C) it can be used to cause disorder on all sites

D) it can be used by people with evil intent

publicly 勉强算作一个定位提示，criticism 是关键。问题设置常见方式：同义替换。

24. The author's attitude toward SATAN is _____.

A) enthusiastic   B) critical  C) positive       D) indifferent

重要提示：表现作者态度的句子的特征

1. 直接陈述式(主语是事、物)。

2．使用评述性的副词在其他人的话里面。

3．他人的论述后面有连词引出另外一种说法，见第一条。

4．其他人的说法后面的括号里的内容。

态度题常见选项

arbitrary, concerned, critical, sarcastic, ironical, indifferent, sympathetic, enthusiastic, cautious, neutral, objective, subjective, optimistic, pessimistic, positive, negative, etc.

只作干扰选项的有arbitrary,

25. The author suggests in the last paragraph that        .

A) we should make full use of the Internet before security measures are strengthened

B) we should alert the most influential businessmen to the importance of security

C) influential businessmen should give priority to the improvement of Net security

D) net inhabitants should not let security measures affect their joy of surfing the Internet

把握两个词：问题里的suggest, 原文里的expect的理解，必须结合主题.

提示：建议题(advise, advice; suggest, suggestion 等)，结论题，答案通常要从文章最后一句往前推，同时必须结合最后一段首句主旨句。

Passage II.

Crying is hardly an activity encouraged by society. Tears, be they of sorrow, anger, or joy, typically make Americans feel uncomfortable and embarrassed. The shedder of tears is likely to apologize, even when a devastating (毁灭性的) tragedy was the provocation. The observer of tears is likely to do everything　possible to put an end to the emotional outpouring. But judging form recent studies of crying behavior,　links between illness and crying and the chemical composition of tears , both those responses to tears are often inappropriate and may even be counterproductive.

......省略。

33."Counterproductive"(Para,1) very probably means"________".

A) having no effect at all

B) leading to tension

C) producing disastrous impact

D) harmful to health

注意！选项中程度极端的（如夸大后果的），通常是错误选项。

34. What does the author say about crying?

A) It is a pointless physiological response to the environment.

B) It must have a role to play in man's survival.

C) It is meant to get attention and assistance.

D) It usually produces the desired effect.

开放性题目，如多项细节题，往往要多次快速定位。

Passage III.

As machines go, the car is not terribly noisy, nor terribly polluting, nor terribly dangerous; and on all those dimensions it has become better as the century has grown older. The main problem is its prevalence, and the social costs that ensue from the use by everyone of something that would be fairly harmless if, say, only the rich were to use it. It is a price we pay for equality.

Before becoming too gloomy, it is worth recalling why the car has been arguably the most successful and popular product of the whole of the past 100 years-and remains so. The story begins with the environmental improvement it brought in the 1900s. In New York city in 1900, according to the Car Culture, a 1975 book by J. Flink, a historian, horses deposited 2.5 million pounds of manure(粪)and 60,000 gallons of urine (尿) every day. Every year, the city authorities had to remove an average of 15,000 dead horses from the streets. It made cars smell of roses.

......省去三段。

26. As is given in the first paragraph, the reason why the car has become a problem is that　________. (定位后深入挖掘，难点为长句分析) 抓主干; 顺藤摸瓜; 理清乱麻。

A) poor people can't afford it

B) it is too expensive to maintain

C) too many people are using it

D) it causes too many road accidents

27. According to the passage, the car started to gain popularity because ________. 段落归纳

A) it didn't break down as easily as a horse 无中生有，虽然符合逻辑常识，常识错位

B) it had a comparatively pleasant odor    比喻用法的字面意思通常是干扰项

C) it caused less pollution than horses

D) it brightened up the gloomy streets    借用原文原词考验细心程度

Passage IV

Our culture has caused most Americans to assume not only that our language is universal but that the gestures we use are understood by everyone. We do not realize that waving good-bye is the way to summon a person from the Philippines to one's side, or that in Italy and some Latin-American countries, curling the finger to oneself is a sign of farewell.

　　Those private citizens who sent packages to our troops occupying Germany after World War II and marked them GIFT to escape duty payments did not bother to find out that "Gift" means poison in German. Moreover, we like to think of ourselves as friendly, yet we prefer to be at least 3 feet or an arm's length away from others. Latins and Middle Easterners like to come closer and touch, which makes Americans uncomfortable.

　　Our linguistic (语言上的) and cultural blindness and the casualness with which we take notice of the developed tastes, gestures, customs and languages of other countries, are losing us friends, business and respect in the world.

　　Even here in the United States, we make few concessions to the needs of foreign visitors. There are no information signs in four languages on our public buildings or monuments; we do not have multilingual (多语言的)guided tours. Very few restaurant menus have translations, and multilingual waiters, bank clerks and policemen are rare. Our transportation systems have maps in English only and often we ourselves have difficulty understanding them.

　　When we go abroad, we tend to cluster in hotels and restaurants where English is spoken. The attitudes and information we pick up are conditioned by those natives - usually the richer - who speak English. Our business dealings, as well as the nation's diplomacy, are conducted through interpreters.

　　For many years, America and Americans could get by with cultural blindness and linguistic ignorance.After all ,America was the most powerful country of the free world, the distributor of needed funds and goods.

　　But all that is past. American dollars no longer buy all good things, and we are slowly beginning to realize that our proper role in the world is changing. A 1979 Harris poll reported that 55 percent of Americans want this country to play a more significant role in world affairs; we want to have a hand in the important decisions of the next century, even though it may not always be the upper hand.

　　21.It can be inferred that Americans being approached too closely by Middle Easterners would most probably .

　　A) stand still   B) jump aside    C) step forward      D) draw back

　　22.The author gives many examples to criticize Americans for their .

A) cultural self-centeredness  　　       B) casual manners       

C) indifference towards foreign visitors    D) arrogance towards other cultures

　　23.In countries other than their own most Americans .

　　A) are isolated by the local people   B) are not well informed due to the language barrier

　　C) tend to get along well with the natives   D) need interpreters in hotels and restaurants

　　24.According to the author, Americans' cultural blindness and linguistic ignorance will .

　　A) affect their image in the new era     B) cut themselves off from the outside world

　　C) limit their role in world affairs       D) weaken the position of the US dollar

　　25.The author's intention in writing this article is to make Americans realize that .

　　A) it is dangerous to ignore their foreign friends

　　B) it is important to maintain their leading role in world affairs

　　C) it is necessary to use several languages in public places

　　D) it is time to get acquainted with other cultures

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